Vaccines are made up of parts of viruses or bacteria that are altered or weakened so that they only cause an imitation of the disease and not the disease itself. There are several types of vaccines:

• Live, attenuated vaccines like MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), chickenpox and flu nasal spray (LAIV) vaccines weaken the living viruses in the vaccine so they cannot cause disease in people. Since these types of vaccines are the closest to natural infections, they are very effective, but not everyone can get them. For example, people with weakened immune systems like those undergoing chemotherapy, can’t get live vaccines.
• Toxoid vaccines prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce toxins (poisons) in the body. Like in live, attenuated vaccines, the toxins are weakened so they cannot cause illness. Weakened toxins are called toxoids. For example, DTaP and Tdap vaccines contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, in addition to protection against pertussis (also known as whooping cough).
• Inactivated vaccines (like many of the flu shots), the viruses are inactivated (killed) when making the vaccine. By killing the viruses, the vaccines produce immune responses, but cannot cause the disease itself. Examples of inactivated vaccines include hepatitis A, influenza (shot only), polio (shot only) and rabies.
• Subunit vaccines use only a part of the virus or bacteria is included in the vaccine instead of the full germ. Because these vaccines contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules that make up the germ, they cannot cause illness. The pertussis (whooping cough) component of the DTaP vaccine is an example of a subunit vaccine.
• Conjugate vaccines use part of the sugar-like coating of bacteria called polysaccharides. However, because young children don’t make a very good immune response to the sugar coating alone, the coating is linked (conjugated) to a harmless protein. This protein carries the sugar-like coating of the bacteria to certain cells in the immune system to which it would not have access on its own. Then, if the bacteria enters the body, the antibodies will recognize the sugar coating and keep the bacteria from causing disease. Although many conjugate vaccines were developed because of the need to protect infants and young children with immature immune systems, conjugate vaccines are recommended for all ages. Examples of conjugate vaccines include Hib, hepatitis B, HPV, DTaP, shingles, pneumococcal (PCV13) and meningococcal (MenACY).
• mRNA vaccines, like some COVID-19 vaccines, teach our cells how to make a protein – or a piece of a protein – that triggers an immune response (antibodies) in our bodies. These antibodies then protect us from future infections, such as COVID-19. Our body’s cells break down and get rid of the mRNA soon after it is finished using the instructions on how to make a protein that triggers our body’s immune response.
• Viral vector vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccine created by Johnson & Johnson (Janseen) and the Ebola vaccine, use a modified, harmless version of a different virus (the vector) to help trigger our body’s immune system to begin producing antibodies that will help protect against a particular disease.

There are several systems in place to continue monitoring vaccines for their safety and effectiveness after they are approved by the FDA. Three of the key systems are:

• VAERS, or the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, collects adverse event reports, but it relies on individuals to report injuries and is therefore not meant to form a
  comprehensive database of possible vaccine side effects.
• VSD, or the Vaccine Safety Datalink, has been a continuing collaboration since 1990 between the CDC’s Immunization Safety Office and eight health care organizations across the country. This network conducts studies based on questions or concerns raised from the medical literature and reports to VAERS. In addition, when new vaccines are recommended, or if changes are made in how a vaccine is recommended, VSD will monitor the safety of these vaccines and recommendations.
• CISA, or the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project, began in 2001 to better understand individual risk for adverse events following immunization. CISA addresses vaccine safety issues, conducts high quality clinical research and assesses complex clinical adverse events following vaccination.

People in the U.S. either have private health insurance, public health insurance (meaning Medicare, Medicaid or, in the case of children, CHIP), or are not insured at all. While there are some safety nets in place to guarantee access to vaccines, they still have many holes.

• Private Health Insurance: The Affordable Care Act required all private health insurance plans to cover vaccines at no charge to patients, including those for both children as well as adults. However, some plans were “grandfathered,” meaning employers only had to cover vaccines when they started a new insurance plan, and some have yet to begin a new plan. This means some people with private health insurance still have to pay a copay or other fee to receive vaccines for themselves, their spouses or their children.
• Medicare: Medicare covers flu and pneumococcal vaccines at no cost to patients. Any other adult vaccine may or may not be covered depending on whether the Medicare recipient has a Part D plan and on how that plan covers vaccines.
• Medicaid: We do not yet have universal coverage for vaccines under Medicaid. Each state’s plans are different and may or may not cover vaccines for adults and for pregnant people at no cost.
• CHIP: Each state has a CHIP, or Children’s Health Insurance Plan. CHIP provides health coverage to children whose families meet certain income requirements. Those requirements differ by state. Not all children who are covered by CHIP have coverage for vaccines.
• Vaccines for Children: Luckily, there is a program called Vaccines for Children, or VFC. VFC was created by Congress in the 1990s to ensure no child was denied a vaccine because their families couldn’t afford it. As a result, vaccination rates among children have risen to an all time high.

Toolkits and Other Educational Resources

• The CDC has developed A Guide for Community Partners which includes Best Practices for CBOs/FBOs. •Resources for Faith-based and Community Organizations Fighting COVID-19
highlights a variety of ways that FBOs and CBOs can access federal funding or otherwise engage in partnerships with government.

•The Ad Council has developed community-specific toolkits for Black, Hispanic/Latino, faith, public health, and employer communities with messaging tips, FAQs and other resources to help organizations increase confidence in COVID-19 vaccines. Included within these resources are videos, study guides, event templates and more.

• Questions & Answers About COVID-19 Vaccines | The Ad Council (getvaccineanswers.org) • Toolkit for Black Communities | Ad Council COVID-19 Initiative (blackcommunityvaccinetoolkit.org) • Toolkit for Faith Communities | Ad Council COVID-19 Initiative (faithcommunityvaccinetoolkit.org) • Toolkit for Hispanic Communities | Ad Council COVID-19 Initiative
(hispaniccommunityvaccinetoolkit.org)

• Groups such as Choose Health Life and Urban Strategies have developed educational resources.

Would you like to join the COVID-19 Community Corps? As a member, you’ll receive timely, accurate information to share with your family, friends, and neighbors. By encouraging them to get vaccinated, you’ll help protect them – and allow all of us to safely gather together again.

As a Corps member, you’ll get resources to help you build vaccine confidence in your community, including:

• Fact sheets on vaccine safety, tips on how to talk with friends and family about the importance of vaccination, and hints for planning and attending community events

• Social media content to share with your followers

• Regular email updates with the latest vaccine news and resources to share
You can sign up here: https://wecandothis.hhs.gov/covidcommunitycorps. We hope you will join.

As stated by the CDC, “Health equity is when all members of society enjoy a fair and just opportunity to be healthy as possible.” COVID-19 vaccinations present an important opportunity to ensure that all members of society can be as healthy as possible.

• Racial Equity Guidebook developed on behalf of Black Coalition against COVID-19 addresses equitable vaccine use in the community, including through faith-based and community partnerships.

• Made to Save is national grassroots effort to ensure communities hardest hit by the pandemic have equitable access to the COVID-19 vaccines and accurate, timely information. Check out how to partner with them and join their training on 4/27 at 7pm ET – “Talking to Friends and Family about the COVID-19 Vaccines” – RSVP

• Faith4Vaccines is an inclusive, multifaith movement comprised of local and national religious leaders, as well as medical professionals, who are working together to identify and resolve current gaps in vaccine mobilization, outreach, and uptake.

• FEMA document on protecting civil rights during disasters, including during COVID-19: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_civil-rights_bulletin_03-04-2021.pdf

•If your community is interested in supporting state and local vaccine programs, use the CDC’s locator to determine local vaccine efforts, contact your state or local health department or state Association of Immunization Manager (AIM) to find out when, where, and how vaccines are being made available in your community. Also, check in with your local Community Health Center, which may have received funding to increase vaccine access.

• You can also contact pharmacies like those within Walmart and Rite Aid sites who presented on the webinar. You can also find pharmacies participating in the Federal Retail Pharmacy program here.

• More information about State health officials can be found at the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO).

• More information about Local health officials can be found at National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO).

• Learn more about Community Health Centers at the National Association of Community Health Centers.

• The National Forum on COVID-19 Vaccine has a variety of materials and resources supporting equitable vaccine engagement and community-based partnerships, including information on:
• Equitable Vaccine Implementation,
• Engaging Community-Based Organizations to be Vaccination Partners, and
• Increasing Vaccine Confidence through Communication and Community Engagement.

•FEMA has also developed a guidebook communities can consider in setting up vaccination centers of all sizes. – Community Vaccination Centers Playbook | FEMA.gov.

• Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | CDC

• Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response | FEMA.gov

• Partner Coordination Efforts to Strengthen Infection Prevention and Control Practices •Public Health and Faith Community Partnerships: Model Practices to Increase Influenza Prevention Among Hard-to-Reach Populations

• Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP)

• Engaging with Community- and Faith-Based Organizations in Public Health Emergencies

GHW’s acknowledges All In: Partnering with Faith and Community in COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts for their additional vaccine resources